Given the increasing need for transparency and productivity within Iran’s state-owned banking system, operational auditing has gained growing importance as a modern and effective tool for evaluating processes and enhancing the financial and non-financial performance of these institutions. This research aims to investigate the impact of operational auditing on improving the financial and non-financial performance of the country’s state-owned banks. The research methodology is quantitative and descriptive-survey in nature. The statistical population comprised financial managers, internal auditors, and senior experts from ten state-owned banks. Using Cochran’s formula and a purposive sampling method, a sample of 244 individuals was selected. Data collection was conducted through three standardized questionnaires related to the dimensions of operational auditing (including economy, efficiency, and effectiveness), as well as financial and non-financial performance. The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed through factor analysis and face validity methods, while their reliability was verified using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) within the SmartPLS software. The research results indicated that operational auditing has a positive and significant impact on improving the financial and non-financial performance of state-owned banks. Furthermore, the findings suggest that this type of auditing can promote organizational performance by increasing transparency, optimizing processes, and strengthening executive models